Why do people commit suicide? How does it happen? How Common Is It?

Every year 727 000 people take their own life and there are many more people who make suicide attempts. Every suicide is a tragedy that affects families, communities and entire countries and has long-lasting effects on the people left behind. Suicide occurs throughout the lifespan and was the third leading cause of death among 15–29-year-olds globally in 2021.

Suicide does not just occur in high-income countries but is a global phenomenon in all regions of the world. In fact, close to three quarters (73%) of global suicides occurred in low- and middle-income countries in 2021.

Suicide is a serious public health problem that requires a public health response. With timely, evidence-based and often low-cost interventions, suicides can be prevented. For national responses to be effective, a comprehensive multisectoral suicide prevention strategy is needed.

Suicide may stem from intense feelings of anger, despair, hopelessness, or panic

This is on 4^th June 2025 young boy of 20 years old suicide jumped from the 13th floor  at Makuza Pension Plaza at Kigali Rwanda.He died directly.
At 16: 00

 RIP : ISHIMWE Thierry (From Kamonyi District Runda sector)

Suicide is a complex issue that affects individuals and communities around the world, including Africa. The statistics around suicide can vary significantly by region, demographic factors, and other social influences. Here are some points to consider regarding suicide statistics in Africa and globally:

Prevalence: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In 2019, it was estimated that close to 800,000 people died by suicide each year, with a global age-standardized suicide rate of approximately 10.5 per 100,000 people.

DemographicalSuicide affects all age groups; however, it is particularly high among young people aged 15-29. Men are more likely to die by suicide than women, although women may experience higher rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts.

Mental Health: Mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety, are significant risk factors for suicide. Other contributing factors include substance abuse, trauma, and socioeconomic issues.

Varied Rates: Suicide rates in Africa can differ widely by country. Some regions report lower rates compared to global averages, while others show alarming figures. For example, some countries, like Mozambique and South Africa, have been noted for higher suicide rates due to various factors including economic stress and social issues.

Underreporting: There is often significant underreporting of suicides in Africa due to stigma, lack of awareness, and insufficient mental health resources. Many deaths may be misclassified or not reported as suicide.

Cultural Factors: Cultural beliefs and stigma surrounding mental health may influence reporting and help-seeking behaviors. Traditional practices and support systems might also play a role in how mental health issues are addressed.

Youth Crisis: Youth in many African countries face unique challenges, including unemployment, educational pressures, and social changes, which may contribute to rising suicide rates among young people.

Urban vs. Rural: There may be differences in suicide rates between urban and rural areas, influenced by factors such as access to mental health services, social support networks, and economic opportunities.

• More than 720 000 people die due to suicide every year.
• Suicide is the third leading cause of death among 15–29-year-olds.
• Seventy-three per cent of global suicides occur in low- and middle-income countries.
• The reasons for suicide are multi-faceted, influenced by social, cultural, biological, psychological, and environmental factors present across the life-course.
• For every suicide there are many more people who attempt suicide. A prior suicide attempt is an important risk factor for suicide in the general population.
• Even it is like that Suicide is a leading cause of death and affects people of all ages.
• Suicide is a serious public health problem and has far-reaching impact.
• Resources are available to prevent suicide.
• Hope is possible.

1.A lot of people was discussing why people commit to suicide ?

people who commit suicide are depressed,  intense feelings of anger, despair, hopelessness, or panic, a highly distorted or psychotic idea. Many suicides are impulsive.

Some factors can be listed out :

• A Word From Verywell
• Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
• Eating disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Substance Use and Impulsivity
• Traumatic Stress
  Loss or Fear of LossAccidental Suicide
• Hopelessness
• Anxiety disorders
• Bipolar disorder
• Chronic Pain and Illness( Asthma,Back pain,Brain injury,Cancer
• ,Congestive heart failure,Diabetes,Epilepsy,HIV/AIDS,Heart disease,High blood pressure,Migraine, Parkinson’s disease
• Feeling Like a Burden to Others
• Social Isolation
• Cry for Help
• Accidental SuicideAny form of abuse (emotional, physical or sexual; past or present)
• Any significant loss (the death of a loved one)
• Relationship breakdown
• Living in remote areas or in social isolation
• Previous suicide attempts or deliberate self-harm
• Exposure to suicidal behaviour in others (particularly another completed suicide)
• Parental separation or divorce
• Drug or alcohol abuse
• Homelessness
• Failing subjects at school or dropping out of courses
• Bullying
• Legal or court action
• Financial crises (job loss, drought, bankruptcy).

In many cases, the person is contending with several stressful life events or circumstances at once. Their thoughts and emotions connected to these experiences become overwhelming for them.

It is important to note that suicidal thoughts and feelings can be triggered by any life event; the crucial issue is how a person feels about the event and what meaning it holds for them. While the above situations are often linked to suicidal feelings or behaviour, whether they will actually cause someone to consider ending their life depends heavily on that individual’s interpretation of their overall circumstances.

Official statistics and research studies have found that there are a number of gender differences in suicide. These differences are known as the gender paradox of suicide. While women are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts, for example, men are much more likely to take their own lives.

Complicating the issue is that much of the research on this topic doesn’t include nonbinary people. Understanding these gender differences can help experts better design and develop prevention and intervention strategies.

While it is difficult to discuss this topic, it has to be stressed that this knowledge is important if we are to reduce the number of deaths by suicide in the United States and around the world each year.

2.Suicide Methods

One of the most important reasons for the difference between suicide attempts and completed suicides between men and women is the method of suicide used.

Men tend to choose violent (more lethal) suicide methods, such as firearms, hanging, and asphyxiation, whereas women are more likely to overdose on medications or drugs

Some Suicide Methods in Men

• Firearms

• Hanging

• Asphyxiation or suffocation
• Jumping
• Moving objects
• Sharp objects
• Vehicle exhaust gas

Some Suicide Methods in Women

• Self-poisoning
• Exsanguination (bleeding out from a cut such as a “slit” wrist)
• Drowning
• Hanging
• Firearms

3.Signs and Symptoms of Suicidal Ideation

Warning signs that you or a loved one are thinking about or contemplating suicide include:

• Isolating yourself from your loved ones
• Feeling hopeless or trapped
• Talking about death or suicide
• Giving away possessions
• An increase in substance use or misuse
• Increased mood swings, anger, rage, and/or irritability
• Engaging in risk-taking behavior like using drugs or having unprotected sex
• Accessing the means to kill yourself, such as medication, drugs, or a firearm
• Acting as if you’re saying goodbye to people
• Feeling extremely anxious

If you think a loved one is thinking about or planning suicide, ask. It’s a myth that you’ll give another person the idea to kill themselves. Asking shows that you’re concerned and that you care about the person.

Be aware that passive suicidal ideation, wishing that you could die in your sleep or in an accident rather than by your own hand, is not necessarily any less serious than active suicidal ideation.⁵ It can quickly turn active and it most certainly has a blend of active and passive components.

It’s also important to note that suicidal thoughts fluctuate. They are known to “wax and wane,” which means that thoughts may be specific, intense, and persistent one day, and the next, they may be more vague and occur less frequently.

There are a variety of risk factors for suicidal ideation and suicide, including

• Having attempted suicide in the past
• Having a mental health disorder
• Feeling hopeless, isolated, and/or lonely
• Not being married
• Being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender
• Having served in the military
• Having a chronic physical illness like cancer, diabetes, or a terminal disease
• Having chronic pain
• Having a traumatic brain injury
• Having a family history of suicide
• Having a drug or alcohol use disorder
• Having experienced childhood abuseor trauma
• Living in a rural area
• Having access to firearms

4.Treatment

Here are some ways to help reduce suicidal thoughts and get the help you need to get back on track, whether you or a loved one are experiencing suicidal ideation:

Identify Triggers

Look for triggers or circumstances that lead to feelings of despair such as a death or a loss, alcohol use, or stress from relationships. Eliminate what you can and talk to someone, such as a counselor or close friend, about the others.

Remember Feelings Are Temporary

Feelings come and go and are not permanent. Even when life seems hopeless, you can get on the road to feeling better with treatment. You’ll learn how to cope with life stresses, as well as to get a new perspective.

Sometimes even just taking a nap or going to bed when you’re feeling especially low can reset your mood, at least enough to stop the suicidal thoughts.

Take Care of Yourself

In addition to eating healthy meals regularly and never skipping meals, get plenty of rest and relaxation to stave off stress and help your body recuperate from days past. Exercise is also important for relieving stress and improving your emotional well-being.

Build a Community of Support

Make the time to be around people with positive influences on your life and those who make you feel good about yourself. Also, don’t forget to give back to your community either through money or your time. Helping others and giving back can be a great way to get out of your own head and find meaning.

Get Active

Just as old habits have to die to let go of suicidal ideation, new ideas must take their place to stick. Develop your personal and professional interests. Find fun things to do, volunteer activities, or work that gives you a sense of purpose.

When you’re doing things you find fulfilling, you’ll feel better about yourself and those feelings of despair are less likely to return.

Relax

Find personal ways to relieve stress levels. In addition to exercising, you can meditate, use sensory strategies to relax, practice simple breathing exercises, and challenge self-defeating thoughts to help you overcome suicidal thoughts.

Get Help Now

We’ve tried, tested, and written unbiased reviews of the best online therapy programs including Talkspace, Betterhelp, and Regain. Find out which option is the best for you.

Additional Treatment Options

If you have suicidal thoughts but there is no crisis, your doctor or therapist may recommend psychotherapy, medications, and lifestyle changes that can help reduce the risk of suicide.

Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, during which you work with a therapist to explore why you’re feeling suicidal and how to cope.

Family therapy and education. Involving loved ones in treatment can help them better understand what you’re going through, learn the warning signs, and improve family dynamics.

Substance use disorder treatment: if you are also experiencing an increase in alcohol or drug use.

Lifestyle changes: Including managing stress, improving sleep, eating, and exercise habits, building a solid support network, and making time for hobbies and interests.

Medications to treat any underlying depression causing your suicidal ideation. This may include antidepressants, antipsychotic medications, or anti-anxiety medications.

“The future is hopeful. Recent research has identified biological differences, such as brain differences, that may underlie suicide risk so that better methods for detection and treatments that can reduce risk are being generated and tested. Psychosocial factors, such as stressors, also have very important roles and are also critical to address,” says Blumberg.

Warning

If you start experiencing thoughts of suicide after taking an antidepressant, call your mental health care professional immediately. Antidepressants have been linked to an increase in suicidal thoughts.

Keep in Mind

Though it may be difficult, studies show that if you’re able to talk to someone regularly, particularly in a face-to-face situation like to a close friend or counselor, you’re less likely to attempt suicide.

You can also talk to your doctor or go directly to the emergency room if you are having suicidal thoughts. Doctors will evaluate your immediate risk and may recommend hospitalization if the risk is severe or refer you to a mental health professional for treatment

5.Psychological Theories

Stress-diathesis models

Diathesis represents a person’s tendency for suicidal behavior, influenced by factors like genetics, biology, or psychology, including mental illness history, personality traits, or past trauma. This model posits that when such a person encounters stressful life events that overwhelm their ability to cope, the feelings are expressed as suicidal ideation. Traits of impulsivity and aggression increase the likelihood of acting on suicidal ideation.[14]

Ideation-to-action framework

This framework focuses on understanding how individuals progress from contemplating suicide to attempting, recognizing that suicidal thoughts and attempts are related but separate behaviors. The critical factor in this transition from ideation to action is an individual’s capability for suicide, encompassing various elements that enable a person to make a suicide attempt. The following 4 theories use this framework.

1. Interpersonal theory of suicide:As per the interpersonal theory of suicide, ‘acquired capability’ is a critical factor in the progression from suicidal ideation to suicide attempts. This capability is marked by a decreased fear of death and a heightened tolerance for physical pain resulting from repeated exposure to painful or distressing events, such as childhood trauma or war. An individual with an elevated level of acquired capability is more prone to transition from suicide ideation to suicide attempts.
2. The integrated motivational-volitional model:This model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding suicidal behavior. This model delineates 3 distinct phases: the ‘pre-motivational phase,’ which focuses on background factors and life events that may trigger suicidal thoughts; the ‘motivational phase,’ due to feelings of defeat, entrapment, and lack of support suicidal ideations develop; and the ‘volitional phase,’ which is concerned with the transition from suicidal ideation to actual attempts. Key to this phase are ‘volitional moderators’ such as access to means for suicide, exposure to suicidal behavior, reduced fear of death and increased pain tolerance, impulsivity, planning, mental imagery, and history of past suicidal behavior. This model integrates psychological, biological, and social factors, offering a detailed perspective on the complex pathways leading to suicidal actions.
3. Three-step theory:The 3-step theory of suicide elucidates the progression from suicidal ideation to suicidal behavior. The theory posits that individuals first experience intense psychological pain and hopelessness, leading them to contemplate suicide as an escape (first step). The second step involves feelings of disconnection and perceiving oneself as a burden to others, exacerbating the initial distress. Finally, the third step is the development of a capability for suicide, characterized by overcoming the fear of death and acquiring the means to commit suicide.
4. The fluid vulnerability theory: This theory proposes that an individual’s risk fluctuates over time, with baseline factors (chronic or stable risk and protective elements) and acute factors (reaction to external forces) interacting dynamically. The concept of the “suicidal mode” includes chronic factors like sex, trauma, psychiatric history, and past suicide attempts interacting with acute factors such as emotional distress and adverse life events. These interactions affect cognition, behavior, physiology, and emotion. This theory further suggests that mitigating acute triggers can shift an individual from a high-risk state back to baseline. Empirical research supports the theory, showing that suicidal ideation and related feelings can vary significantly within short periods

Biological Theories

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction

Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, integral to stress response, is increasingly linked to mental health issues, particularly suicidal ideation. This axis, involving a hormonal sequence from the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands, controls cortisol release. Disruptions in this system, possibly due to epigenetic factors like early life trauma and gene variations (eg, FKBP5 gene affecting glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity), can lead to an imbalance in cortisol release. Research on HPA axis dysregulation and suicidal ideation shows diverse results, indicating different cortisol responses in suicidal ideation subgroups. For instance, acute suicidal ideation cases may have higher cortisol increases than chronic ones, and a family history of suicide or suicide attempts is linked to reduced cortisol levels under stress, underscoring the HPA axis’s complex role in suicidal ideation.

Neuroinflammation and immune system dysfunction

Increased microglial density and activation have been linked to suicidal ideation, as evidenced by post-mortem studies and in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) scans. This activation impacts the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, increasing neurotoxic compounds like quinolinic acid, which affects glutamate neurotransmission. Dysregulation of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway has been associated with neuropsychiatric conditions and suicidality. Targeting tryptophan-kynurenine pathway enzymes is suggested for treating depression and suicidal ideation. Translocator protein levels, indicative of neuroinflammation, are elevated in patients with depression, especially those with suicidal ideation.Research on brain-derived neurotrophic factor has demonstrated its potential as a biomarker for sucidality, with lower levels correlated with suicidal ideation, particularly in military personnel.

Poverty and Inequality for this issues , Economic factors play a significant role, as poverty and lack of opportunities can lead to feelings of hopelessness.

Conflict and Violence: In regions experiencing conflict, violence, or political instability, the rates of suicide are often higher.

Access to Mental Health Services: Many African countries face significant gaps in mental health services, which can prevent individuals from receiving necessary support.

suicide issues taken  as a public health issue requires understanding the unique sociocultural, economic, and political contexts of different regions. Efforts to reduce suicide rates globally  include enhancing mental health services, reducing stigma, increasing awareness, and implementing preventive measures in differents sides of human being.

Before doing something like suicide think   ! Why should you stay alive,live a fight ,be proud of yourself and choose to keep on fighting,,even you tried a million times ‘it will get better one day it’s time  to  feel curious about what will happen next day , next months and next years.

Dr. Havugimana Alexis

References

• Shader IR. Manual of Psychiatry, 2nd edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia, 1994. Chapter 17. p. 163.

• CDC National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), National Vital Statistics System, Mortality 2018-2023 on CDC WONDER Online Database CDC WONDER
• (Selby, et al., 2014, p.290) for why they happen.)

• Harrington R, Rutter M, Weissman M, et al. Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of depressed probands. 1. Comparison of prepubertal, adolescence and early adult onset cases. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1997;42:9-22. 29.
• National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Centre: Depression. Available from http: //www.safeyouth.org/scripts/topics/depression.asp. Accessed on 29/11/2006. 30. Appleby L, Shaw J, Amos T, et al. Suicide within 12 months of contact with mental health services: National clinical survey.
• British Medical Journal 1999;318:1235-1239. 31. Case approach; chronological assessment of suicide risk. Available from http: //www1.endingsuicide.com/?id=1918:9665. Accessed on 29/11/2006). 32.

• Billings CV. Psychiatric in-patient’s suicide assessment strategies. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;9:5. 33. National guideline clearing house. Assessment and management of people at risk of suicide. Available: http://www.guideine.gov. summary. saspx?-id.com. Accessed on 29/11/2006. 34. Ramafedi G, Farrow JA, Delsher RW. Risk factor.